Present Perfect Simple

Form of Present Perfect

	Positive	Negative	Question
I / you / we / they	I have spoken.	I have not spoken.	Have I spoken?
he / she / it	He has spoken.	He has not spoken.	Has he spoken?

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
after a final e only add d	love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit -admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters.

action that is still going on
Example: School has not started yet.

action that stopped recently
Example: She has cooked dinner.

finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now


ဤပစၥဳပၸန္ၿပီးစီးကာလသည္ အတိတ္ႏွင့္ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလာ အလြန္တို႔ၾကားရွိ္သည္ဟု လြယ္လြယ္ေျပာရေသာ္လည္း လက္ေတြ႕ေရးခ်ေသာအခါ ရႈပ္ေထြးသြားတက္ပါသည္။ ကာလမ်ားထဲတြင္ ဤကာလအသံုးမွာ မလြယ္ကူလွပါ။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ေအာက္ပါစည္းကမ္းခ်က္မ်ားကို ဂရုစိ္ုက္၍ ေလ့လာမွတ္ထားပါ။

၁။ ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလမွာ ၿပီးစီးသြားၿပီျဖစ္တဲ့ ျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္ကို ေဖာ္ျပရန္။

1. I have seen this movie.
2. She has done her exercises.
3. They have gone out to the market.
4. I have been to Bagan.

* ဤကာလတြင္ အထူးသျဖင့္ ကာလၿပီးစီးေၾကာင္းကို ထင္ရွားေစသည့္ - already, just, (for), yet, (since), ever, never စသည့္ အခ်ိန္ျပႀကိယာဝိေသသနတို႔ကို ထည့္ေပးေလ့ရွိသည္။

5. The teacher has not come yet.
6. She has already cooked dinner.
7. My father has just come back from his office.

၂။ အတိတ္ကာလကစခဲ့ၿပီး ယခုတိုင္ အက်ဳိးသက္ေရာက္မႈ ရွိသည့္ ျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္ တစ္ရပ္ကို ေဖာ္ျပရန္။

1. I have waited for you since 8 o' clock.
2. We have lived here for ten years.
3. They have been in this town since 1980.
4. He has known her for a long time.

၃။ ပစၥဳပၸန္ကာလမွာ ျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္တစ္ခုက အျခားတစ္ခုထက္ ပိုေစာၿပီးျဖစ္ပ်က္တာကို ေဖာ္ျပရန္။

1. I have solved two problems before you come.
2. You can play foot-ball after you have done your work.
3. When we get to the station the train has left.
4. They don't want to go there again because they have been there for several times.